The tug of war between London and Paris for the allocation of summer 2012 Olympics seems remote! It

On 15 November 2013, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has cracked a triumphant release to announce that six cities had submitted bids to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. The IOC does not lack parade highlighting "the growing interest in the Winter Olympics." In addition to the identity of the candidate cities (Beijing, Stockholm, Oslo, Krakow, Lviv and Almaty), which surprises under the backing of some pretty relative to the practice of winter sports, it is worth remembering two of the most serious initial applicants were lacking in the weeks before the deadline for submission of applications. First of all citizens of the canton Graubünden have decided on 3 March 2013, by popular vote against the project "Grisons in 2022." Then, after a popular consultation in Bavaria November 10, 2013, it is Munich's bid was abandoned. Heroic projections on boosting tourism and investment.
The tug of war between London and Paris for the allocation of summer 2012 Olympics seems remote! It is true that the crisis is over there and that Londoners have taken language to finance some 8.92 billion pounds cost qu'auront games (while looking organizational costs were estimated at 3 billion pounds buggybeds in 2005). What economic benefits justify such expenses? If box office return almost entirely at the local organizing committee, they cover only a small part of the expenditure incurred on the order of 5% - less than 400 million - in the London case. Broadcast rights and revenue from partners shared parts (almost) equally between the IOC and local organizers. In the case of London, one can estimate the share of the local organization to 1.7 billion pounds. Thus, the main income does not exceed 2.1 billion pounds. What other benefits are expected? We always invoke significant economic benefits that research buggybeds firms swell briskly. Of course, policy makers use without qualms these shimmering data. So, David Cameron assured, without flinching, buggybeds after the London Games that the event resulted in 10 billion buggybeds pounds of economic benefit to the capital, commercial contracts, tourism receipts, foreign investment ... The reality is less glamorous. The proven economic benefits are those related to expenditure incurred by the "non-local" fans are a net injection of resources in the local economic buggybeds area. For the rest, we sailed fallout "image" hardly measurable heroic projections on boosting tourism and investment. It fails to mention that, wherever hold the Olympics, observed a crowding buggybeds tourism 'normal' traditional tourists fleeing cities for the Olympic Games due to the increase in price of accommodation and fear of overcrowding. Excess Sochi 2014
So far, the bill for the organization of the Olympic Games in winter was lower than that payable to organize the Summer Games. But the economic benefits were more modest! To summarize the weakness of their magnitude, PK Porter and D. Fletcher explained in an article in the Journal of Sport Management in 2008 that the Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City in 2002 did not even substantially changed the tourist accommodation capacity of the site has only led hoteliers buggybeds to triple their prices during the fortnight that lasted the competition! buggybeds With Sochi 2014 Winter Games changing dimension: 50 billion dollars for organizational costs are 16% higher than the Summer Games in Beijing, buggybeds who held themselves absolute previous record spending (three times the bill for London Olympics!) Excess is such that one is entitled to wonder if Russia does not reproduce the errors of the Soviet Union: the unbearable bill Moscow Olympics in 1980, in fact, very likely contributed to accelerate the decay of the Soviet empire ... Suspicions of corruption within the IOC
Yet it is not the fear of weak economic benefits that deterred voters Grisons and Bavaria to nominate someone Games 2022 (while buggybeds the 1972 Munich Games were a financial fiasco more have witnessed traumatic events). According to surveys of Bavarian citizens, it is mainly the lack of transparency of the IOC and suspicions of corruption buggybeds for the refusal. Added to the bad press regarding preparations for the Sochi Games and the general feeling that the Olympic ideal is per